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The Yamuna Riverfront, India: A Comparative Study of Islamic And Hindu Traditions In Cultural Landscapes

Amita Sinha and D. Fairchild Ruggles
Landscape Journal, September 2004, 23 (2) 141-152; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.23.2.141
Amita Sinha
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D. Fairchild Ruggles
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Abstract

Cultural traditions encompass specific modes of visuality. Islamic and Hindu ways of seeing are described in terms of their inscription upon the cultural landscape of India. The historic Yamuna riverfront at Agra, one-time capital of the Mughal empire, is compared with the riverfront at Braj, sacred to the Hindus for its association with the god Krishna. The land-water interface at Braj is marked by steps that allow access to the river for bathing, shrines and temples for worship, and a porous architecture that facilitates vision and movement in the public realm. In contrast, at historic Agra, the interface was marked by walls enclosing royal gardens, palaces, and tombs, creating private enclaves and permitting the common residents only interstitial access to the river, if any at all. Pavilions on riverfront terraces with gardens below framed views of the landscape, implying a separation between the viewer and the designated object. Although the river was the prime object of vision in both traditions, the Islamic mode of visuality was phenomenal presentation while the Hindu mode is iconic representation.

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Landscape Journal
Vol. 23, Issue 2
21 Sep 2004
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The Yamuna Riverfront, India: A Comparative Study of Islamic And Hindu Traditions In Cultural Landscapes
Amita Sinha, D. Fairchild Ruggles
Landscape Journal Sep 2004, 23 (2) 141-152; DOI: 10.3368/lj.23.2.141

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The Yamuna Riverfront, India: A Comparative Study of Islamic And Hindu Traditions In Cultural Landscapes
Amita Sinha, D. Fairchild Ruggles
Landscape Journal Sep 2004, 23 (2) 141-152; DOI: 10.3368/lj.23.2.141
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