Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
RTD does not consist solely of design but includes a systematic search for the most effective and efficient solution to the problem that has been posed. During this search, following principles of abductive logic, the problem and the objective can be refined or changed. (Adapted from Kalay, 2004.)
- Figure 2
Design as a dialogue between a problem and a solution through analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. Imagination, creativity, and innovation play important roles in this process. (Drawing: Steffen Nijhuis.)
- Figure 3
Ideas are formed, presented, and tested in a cyclical process through which the design develops. (Adapted from Zeisel, 1981.)
- Figure 4
Analytical thinking is aimed at translating and interpreting data into knowledge (discovery), and design thinking is aimed at developing new knowledge through synthesis and spatial translation (invention). (Source: After Nijhuis, 2015).
- Figure 5
Pen and paper are often used in RTD processes. (Photograph: Ben ter Mull.)
- Figure 6
Tangible user interfaces will become increasingly important to designers. The interaction between humans and computers plays a central role in this regard. Such intuitive interfaces provide a quick interaction between interventions and their effects, like in a virtual prototyping feedback loop. In this case, the designer literally shapes the landscape by distorting “three-dimensional clay or sand.” At the same time, the properties of the formed landscape (e.g., contour lines, water drainage, and angle of inclination) are visualized on adjoining screens. (Image courtesy of Carlo Ratti, MIT Media Lab, Tangible Media Group, 2002.)
- Figure 7
Typological research exploration as a foundation for a new design. (Source: Steenbergen et al., 2008).
- Figure 8
The landscape laid out in layers to discover relationships and identify possibilities for development on Staten Island in New York. This is a 1967 version of a suitability map for urbanization; from suitable (black) to not suitable (white). (Image: Ian L. McHarg Collection, The Architectural Archives, University of Pennsylvania.)
- Figure 9
The RSVP cycle, a design method in which actors play a central role in a creative process. The procedure was sketched on a napkin by Lawrence Halprin around 1968. (Image: Lawrence Halprin Collection, The Architectural Archives, University of Pennsylvania.)
- Figure 10
Design criteria for developing effective ecological corridors (Source: Broekmeyer & Steingröver, 2001).
- Figure 11
Scheme of the body of knowledge of landscape architecture. (Based on the competencies for landscape architecture defined in the further regulation of the Dutch Act Title of Architects.)
Tables
Project-based Situational Engaging in deliberation concerning the legal, political, cultural, functional, economic and ecological context of the design task. Integrated Creating a synthesis of contradictory interests, changing restrictions and conflicting agendas while working with various actors, applying diverse methods and operating in a variety of fields. Form-based Visual The development, fabrication, proposal and translation of ideas into words and images. Material The assessment, exploration and realization of qualities of landscaping schemes and technical constructions, in consideration of the aesthetic, functional and ecological consequences of design choices. Idea-based Conceptual The production of ideas and proposals with space for poetic and speculative approaches that promote imagination and unexpected proposals. Strategic The assessment of the situation and the creation of future plans; the problem is structured and defined based on the feasible solutions that have been proposed. Adapted from Grocott, 2010.
