Skip to main content

Main menu

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current
    • Archive
  • Info for
    • Authors
    • Subscribers
    • Institutions
    • Advertisers
  • About Us
    • About Us
    • Editorial Board
  • Connect
    • Feedback
    • Help
  • Alerts
  • Free Issue
  • ASLA Research Grant
  • Other Publications
    • UW Press Journals
    • Ecological Restoration
    • Land Economics
    • Native Plants Journal

User menu

  • Register
  • Subscribe
  • My alerts
  • Log in
  • My Cart

Search

  • Advanced search
Landscape Journal
  • Other Publications
    • UW Press Journals
    • Ecological Restoration
    • Land Economics
    • Native Plants Journal
  • Register
  • Subscribe
  • My alerts
  • Log in
  • My Cart
Landscape Journal

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current
    • Archive
  • Info for
    • Authors
    • Subscribers
    • Institutions
    • Advertisers
  • About Us
    • About Us
    • Editorial Board
  • Connect
    • Feedback
    • Help
  • Alerts
  • Free Issue
  • ASLA Research Grant
  • Follow uwp on Twitter
  • Visit uwp on Facebook
Research ArticlePeer-Reviewed Articles
Open Access

Design as Research in Landscape Architecture

Steffen Nijhuis and Jeroen de Vries
Landscape Journal, January 2019, 38 (1-2) 87-103; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.38.1-2.87
Steffen Nijhuis
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Jeroen de Vries
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • References
  • PDF
Loading

REFERENCES

  1. ↵
    1. Alexander C.,
    2. Ishikawa S.,
    3. Silverstein M.
    (1977). A pattern language: Towns, buildings, construction. Oxford University Press.
  2. ↵
    1. Armstrong H.
    (1999). Design studios as research: An emerging paradigm for landscape architecture. Landscape Review, 5(2), 5–25.
    OpenUrl
  3. ↵
    1. Boeijen A. van,
    2. Daalhuizen J.,
    3. Schoor R. van der,
    4. Zijlstra J.
    (2014). Delft design guide: Design strategies and methods. BIS.
  4. ↵
    1. Bowring J.
    (1997). Research by design: The refereed studio. Landscape Review, 3(2), 54–55.
    OpenUrl
  5. ↵
    1. Broekmeyer M. E. A.,
    2. Steingröver E. G.
    (2001). Handboek robuuste verbindingen. Alterra.
  6. ↵
    1. Carruth S.
    (2015). Infrastructural urbanism that learns from place: Operationalising meta material practices to guide renewable energy planning in Greenland. Ph.D. diss., Aarhus School of Architecture.
    1. Chenoweth R.,
    2. Chidister M.
    (1983). Attitudes toward research in landscape architecture: A study of the discipline. Landscape Journal, 2(2), 98–113. https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.2.2.98
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  7. ↵
    1. Creswell J. W.
    (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches. Sage.
  8. ↵
    1. Creswell J. W.,
    2. Creswell J. D.
    (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). Sage.
    1. Creswell J. W.,
    2. Plano Clark V. L.
    (2018). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (3rd ed.). Sage.
  9. ↵
    1. Cross N.
    (2007). Designerly ways of knowing. Birkhäuser.
  10. ↵
    1. de Jonge J.
    (2009). Landscape architecture between politics and science: An integrative perspective on landscape planning and design in the network society. Blauwdruk. Retrieved from http://edepot.wur.nl/14357
  11. ↵
    1. Deming M. E.,
    2. Swaffield S.
    (2011). Landscape architecture research: Inquiry, strategy, design. Wiley.
  12. ↵
    1. Foqué R.
    (1975). Ontwerpsystemen: Een inleiding tot de ontwerptheorie. Spectrum.
  13. ↵
    1. Gibbons M.,
    2. Limoges C.,
    3. Nowotny H.,
    4. Schwartzman S.,
    5. Scott P.
    (2012). The new production of knowledge: The dynamics of science and research in contemporary societies. Sage.
  14. ↵
    1. Glanville R.
    (2015) The sometimes uncomfortable marriages of design and research. In: Rodgers P., Yee J., (Eds.) The Routledge companion to design research (pp. 9–22). Routledge.
  15. ↵
    1. Gobster P. H.,
    2. Nassauer J. I.,
    3. Nadenicek D. J.
    (2010). Landscape journal and scholarship in landscape architecture: The next 25 years. Landscape Journal, 29(1), 52–57. https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.29.1.52
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  16. ↵
    1. Groat L.,
    2. Wang D.
    (2013). Architectural research methods. Wiley.
  17. ↵
    1. Grocott L.
    (2010). Design research & reflective practice: The facility of design oriented research to translate practitioner insights into new understandings of design. Ph.D. diss., RMIT University.
  18. ↵
    1. Halprin L.
    (1981). The RSVP cycles: Creative processes in the human environment. Braziller.
  19. ↵
    1. Hamel R.
    (1990). Over het denken van de architect/On designing by architects: een cognitief psychologische beschrijving van het ontwerpproces bij architecten. AHA Books.
  20. ↵
    1. Jones J. C.
    (1992). Design methods (2nd ed.). Van Nostrand Reinhold.
  21. ↵
    1. Kalay Y.
    (2004). Architecture’s new media: Principles, theories, and methods of computer-aided design. MIT Press.
  22. ↵
    1. Klaasen I. T.
    (2004). Knowledge-based design: Developing urban and regional design into a science. Delft University Press.
  23. ↵
    1. KNAW.
    (2010). Quality assessment in the design and engineering disciplines. A systematic framework. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.
  24. ↵
    1. LaGro J. A. Jr.
    (1999). Research capacity: A matter of semantics? Landscape Journal, 18(2), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.18.2.179
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  25. ↵
    1. Lawson B.
    (2008). How designers think. The design process demystified. Architectural Press.
  26. ↵
    1. Lee L.
    (2011). An integrated design strategy for South Australia. Adelaide Thinkers in Residence.
  27. ↵
    1. Lenzholzer S.,
    2. Duchhart I.,
    3. van den Brink A.
    (2017). The relationship between research and design. In van den Brink A., Bruns D., Tobi H., Bell S. (Eds.), Research in landscape architecture: Methods and methodology (pp. 54–64). Routledge.
  28. ↵
    1. Lenzholzer S.,
    2. Nijhuis S.,
    3. Cortesao J.
    (2018). RTD in landscape architecture: A first state of the art. Peer Reviewed Proceedings Design Research Society, 1–13.
  29. ↵
    1. Magnani L.
    (2001). Abduction, reason, and science: Processes of discovery and explanation. Springer.
  30. ↵
    1. Martin B.,
    2. Hanington B.
    (2012). Universele ontwerpmethoden: 100 manieren voor het onderzoeken van complexe problemen, het ontwikkelen van innovatieve ideeën en het ontwerpen van effectieve oplossingen. BIS.
    1. McHarg I. L.
    (1969). Design with nature. Natural History Press.
  31. ↵
    1. Milburn L. S.,
    2. Brown R. D.
    (2003). The relationship between research and design in landscape architecture. Landscape and Urban Planning, 64, 47–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00200-1
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  32. ↵
    1. Milburn L. S.,
    2. Brown R. D.,
    3. Mulley S. J.,
    4. Hilts S. G.
    (2003). Assessing academic contributions in landscape architecture. Landscape and Urban Planning, 64, 119–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00204-9
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  33. ↵
    1. Milburn L. S.,
    2. Brown R. D.,
    3. Paine C.
    (2001). “. . . Research on research”: Research attitudes and behaviors of landscape architecture faculty in North America. Landscape and Urban Planning, 57, 57–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(01)00188-8
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  34. ↵
    1. Murphy M.
    (2016). Landscape architecture theory. Island Press.
  35. ↵
    1. Nassauer J. I.,
    2. Opdam P.
    (2008). Design in science: Extending the landscape ecology paradigm. Landscape Ecology, 23, 633–644. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-008-9226-7
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  36. ↵
    1. Nijhuis S.
    (2013). New tools: Digital media in landscape architecture. In Vlug J., et al. (Ed.), The need for design (pp. 86–97). Van Hall Larenstein.
  37. ↵
    1. Nijhuis S.
    (2015). GIS-based landscape design research: Stourhead landscape garden as a case study. A+BE. https://doi.org/10.7480/abe.2015.13
  38. ↵
    1. Nijhuis S.,
    2. Bobbink I.
    (2012). Design related research in landscape architecture. Journal of Design Research, 10(4), 239–257. https://doi.org/10.1504/JDR.2012.051172
    OpenUrl
  39. ↵
    1. Norberg-Schulz C.
    (1980). Genius loci: Towards a phenomenology of architecture. Rizzoli.
  40. ↵
    1. Nowotny H.,
    2. Scott P.,
    3. Gibbons M. T.
    (2013). Rethinking science: Knowledge and the public in an age of uncertainty. Wiley.
  41. ↵
    1. Pierce C.
    (1955). Abduction and induction. In Buchler J. (Ed.), Philosophical writings of Pierce (pp. 150–156). Dover Publications.
  42. ↵
    1. Prominski M.
    (2016). Design guidelines. In van den Brink A., Bruns D., Tobi H., Bell S. (Eds.), Research in landscape architecture: Methods and methodology (pp. 194–207). Routledge.
  43. ↵
    1. Rittel H.,
    2. Webber M.
    (1973). Dilemmas in a general theory of planning. Policy Sciences, 4(2), 155–169.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  44. ↵
    1. Robinson K.
    (2013). Buiten de lijntjes: Stimuleer je creativiteit. Spectrum.
  45. ↵
    1. Roozenburg N. F.,
    2. Eekels J.
    (1996). Product design: Fundamentals and methods. Wiley.
  46. ↵
    1. Rowe P. G.
    (1998). Design thinking. MIT Press.
  47. ↵
    1. Schön D.
    (1983). The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action. Basic Books.
  48. ↵
    1. Simon H.
    (1981). The sciences of the artificial (2nd ed.). MIT Press.
  49. ↵
    1. Steenbergen C. M.,
    2. Meeks S.,
    3. Nijhuis S.
    (2008). Composing landscapes: Analysis, typology and experiments for design. Birkhäuser.
  50. ↵
    1. Steenbergen C. M.,
    2. Mihl H.,
    3. Reh W.
    (2002). Introduction: Design research, research by design. In Steenbergen C. M., Mihl H., Reh W., Aerts F. (Eds.), Architectural design and composition (pp. 12–25). Bussum: Thoth.
  51. ↵
    1. Steinitz C.
    (1990). A framework for theory applicable to the education of landscape architects (and other environmental design professionals). Landscape Journal, 9(2), 136–143. https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.9.2.136
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  52. ↵
    1. Steinitz C.
    (1995). Design is a verb, design is a noun. Landscape Journal, 14(2), 188–200. https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.14.2.188
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  53. ↵
    1. Steinitz C.
    (2012). A framework for geodesign: Changing geography by design. ESRI Press.
  54. ↵
    1. Swaffield S.
    (2016). Case studies. In van den Brink A., Bruns D., Tobi H., Bell S. (Eds.), Research in landscape architecture: Methods and methodology (pp. 105–119). Routledge.
  55. ↵
    1. Thering S.,
    2. Chanse S.
    (2011). The scholarship of transdisciplinary action research: Toward a new paradigm for the planning and design professions. Landscape Journal, 30(1), 6–18. https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.30.1.6
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  56. ↵
    1. van den Brink A.,
    2. Bruns D.
    (2014) Strategies for enhancing landscape architecture research, Landscape Research, 39:1, 7–20, https://doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2012.711129
    OpenUrl
    1. van den Brink A.,
    2. Bruns D.,
    3. Tobi H.,
    4. Bell S.
    (2017). Research in landscape architecture: Methods and methodology. Routledge.
  57. ↵
    1. Van Schilfgaarde P.
    (1970). Het kennisbegrip in wetenschap en beroep: Objectiviteit als pretentie. Samsom.
  58. ↵
    1. Verschuren P.
    (2007). De probleemstelling voor een onderzoek. Het Spectrum.
  59. ↵
    1. Von Seggern H.,
    2. Werner J.,
    3. Grosse-Bächle L.
    (2008). Creating knowledge: Innovationsstrategien im Entwerfen urbaner Landschaften = innovation strategies for designing urban landscapes. Jovis.
  60. ↵
    1. Westrik J.,
    2. Büchi H.
    (1989). Stedebouwkundige ontwerpmethoden. Publikatieburo, Faculteit der Bouwkunde, Technische Universiteit.
  61. ↵
    1. Yin R. K.
    (2018). Case study research: Design and methods (6th ed.). Sage.
  62. ↵
    1. Zeisel J.
    (1981). Inquiry by design: Tools for environment-behavior research. Cambridge University Press.
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

Landscape Journal: 38 (1-2)
Landscape Journal
Vol. 38, Issue 1-2
1 Jan 2019
  • Table of Contents
  • Table of Contents (PDF)
  • Index by author
  • Back Matter (PDF)
  • Front Matter (PDF)
Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on Landscape Journal.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Design as Research in Landscape Architecture
(Your Name) has sent you a message from Landscape Journal
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the Landscape Journal web site.
Citation Tools
Design as Research in Landscape Architecture
Steffen Nijhuis, Jeroen de Vries
Landscape Journal Jan 2019, 38 (1-2) 87-103; DOI: 10.3368/lj.38.1-2.87

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Share
Design as Research in Landscape Architecture
Steffen Nijhuis, Jeroen de Vries
Landscape Journal Jan 2019, 38 (1-2) 87-103; DOI: 10.3368/lj.38.1-2.87
Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One
Bookmark this article

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • INTRODUCTION
    • DESIGN AS EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
    • Research Through Design
    • RTD AND KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION
    • CRITERIA FOR RTD
    • PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTING RTD
    • CONCLUSION
    • AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION
    • PEER REVIEW STATEMENT
    • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
    • Footnotes
    • REFERENCES
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • References
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • No related articles found.
  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • Recent Trends in LA-Based Research: A Topic Analysis of CELA Abstract Content
  • Google Scholar

More in this TOC Section

  • How We Design
  • Landscape Patterns and Their Effect on Stormwater Runoff in the Alabama and Mississippi Coastal Region
  • Reflections on Applying Interdisciplinary Collaboration, Cross‐Cultural Exchange, and Community Engagement in Studio‐Based Learning
Show more Peer-Reviewed Articles

Similar Articles

Keywords

  • Research through design
  • research by design
  • spatial design
  • research methods
  • knowledge acquisition
UW Press logo

© 2026 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System

Powered by HighWire