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Research ArticlePeer-Reviewed Articles

Answering the Supply–Demand Gap with Alternative Water Sources: Retrofitting Cities to Achieve Net Zero Urban Water

Courtney Crosson
Landscape Journal, January 2021, 39 (1) 1-20; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.39.1.1
Courtney Crosson
Licensed architect and assistant professor at the University of Arizona. She has worked for Foster + Partners, UN Habitat, and BuroHappold Engineering. Her current research advances decentralized water systems to address pressing problems facing cities—whether water scarcity in the US Southwest or safe and affordable water access in informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya. She has received multiple national awards for her community outreach and design work focused on retrofitting cities for a changing climate.
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Abstract

Climate change, population growth, and deteriorating infrastructure portend a global urban water crisis in the coming decades. In cities facing extremely high water stress, conservation alone will not meet the challenge. Alternative water sources are needed to fill the supply–demand gap and reach a sustainable net zero urban water balance. Potential single water source solutions have been well researched, but the full integration of alternative water supplies (e.g., stormwater, rainwater, gray water, wastewater) across municipal systems for aggregate benefit has yet to be fully explored through planning and design. This research used public-private-academic partnering, water supply and demand calculations, speculative prototyping, and scenario planning and design to test the potential of transitioning a city with high water stress to a net zero urban water balance by 2050. Twenty prototypes were developed that integrated five alternative water sources across three land use scenarios in Tucson, Arizona, to replace imported water with local supplies. The article concludes that rather than managing urban water in single-purpose infrastructure, all water must be assessed as a one-resource system and part of a comprehensive urban design strategy across natural-social-technological dynamics. The article provides new forms and languages to layer, graft, integrate, and hybridize alternative water sources with existing city fabrics to achieve sustainable and adaptable net zero balance water systems.

  • Urban adaptation
  • alternative water sources
  • urban retrofit
  • water reuse
  • decentralized infrastructure
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Landscape Journal: 39 (1)
Landscape Journal
Vol. 39, Issue 1
1 Jan 2021
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Answering the Supply–Demand Gap with Alternative Water Sources: Retrofitting Cities to Achieve Net Zero Urban Water
Courtney Crosson
Landscape Journal Jan 2021, 39 (1) 1-20; DOI: 10.3368/lj.39.1.1

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Answering the Supply–Demand Gap with Alternative Water Sources: Retrofitting Cities to Achieve Net Zero Urban Water
Courtney Crosson
Landscape Journal Jan 2021, 39 (1) 1-20; DOI: 10.3368/lj.39.1.1
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  • Article
    • Abstract
    • INTRODUCTION: THE SUPPLY-DEMAND GAP IS A DESIGN OPPORTUNITY
    • LITERATURE REVIEW
    • METHOD: DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN GOVERNMENT EXPERTS AND PUBLIC ADOPTERS
    • PROTOTYPE RESULTS: RETROFITTING CITIES FOR USING FIVE ALTERNATIVE WATER TYPES
    • SCENARIO RESULTS: ACHIEVING NZUW ACROSS THREE LAND USE TYPES
    • DISCUSSION: TOWARD AN NZUW FUTURE
    • CONCLUSION
    • AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION
    • PEER REVIEW STATEMENT
    • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
    • REFERENCES
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Keywords

  • Urban adaptation
  • alternative water sources
  • urban retrofit
  • water reuse
  • decentralized infrastructure
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