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Research ArticlePeer-Reviewed Articles

Teaching Design as an Infinite Game

Adaptive Systems and Resilient Landscapes

Noah Billig and Tori Kjer
Landscape Journal, May 2023, 42 (1) 91-107; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.42.1.91
Noah Billig
Noah Billig, PhD, is an associate professor of Landscape Architecture and Planning in the Fay Jones School of Architecture and Design at the University of Arkansas. He has taught, researched, and worked in the landscape architecture and planning fields in the United States, Turkey, and Austria. His research focuses on adaptive design and planning, including community engagement; environmental justice; generative design; and perceptions of environments.
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Tori Kjer
Tori Kjer, executive director at the Los Angeles Neighborhood Land Trust, holds a master’s degree and licensure in landscape architecture, with over a decade’s experience implementing projects and advocating for policies focused on improving community health outcomes through fresh food access, stormwater capture, and green space development. Previously as LA program director of the Trust for Public Land, Kjer established TPL’s Los Angeles Parks for People Program, collaborating with partners and community stakeholders to identify priorities, build trust, and lead coalitions, helping raise over $50 million in public and private grants and overseeing the development of a dozen new parks.
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Article Figures & Data

Figures

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  • Figure 1
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    Figure 1

    Los Angeles River study area, including an 11-mile ARBOR Study stretch, G2 site, and surrounding neighborhoods. Source: Erin Cox.

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    Figure 2

    Part of the Los Angeles River study area. Source: author.

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    Figure 3

    Students visiting sites to learn about neighborhood connections, art, and place-making near the LA River. Source: author.

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    Figure 4

    Students investigating the LA River. Source: author.

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    Figure 5

    Students viewing stormwater infrastructure adjacent to the LA River. Source: author.

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    Figure 6

    Site designs for adaptive processes in LA River basin. Scenario Two, Phase Three. Source: Payton Cook.

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    Figure 7

    Phased, site-based housing modeling for adaptive housing polices and planning to protect against gentrification in the Frogtown neighborhood. Source: Ben Magee.

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    Figure 8

    A student’s place-based economic development strategies in Frogtown. Source: Jacob Costello.

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    Figure 9

    An example of students’ economic development toolkits and phases for adaptive reuse and new development in Frogtown. Source: Jacob Costello.

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    Figure 10

    Scenario 2 from a student’s biological diversity toolbox scenarios in and surrounding Frogtown. Source: Erin Cox.

Tables

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    Table 1.

    Students’ Required Inventory and Analysis Components

    1. Historic conditions and water in LA

      • LA Settlement

      • LA Ecology

      • Before channelization—what led to channelization?

    2. Existing/Future conditions for project area

      • Existing river access

      • Mobility to/from/within the project area—bikes, trains, walking

      • Other livability criteria—tree canopy coverage, permeable areas, parks

      • Habitat and plant systems within the LA River watershed and 11-mile ARBOR stretch project area

      • Key neighborhoods and landmarks, planning areas related to the river in the project area

      • Stormwater inlets/outlets

      • Land use—identifying public ownership

        • ◦ Housing

        • ◦ Parks and open space

        • ◦ Vacant

      • Aquifers and groundwater basins

      • Existing river access

      • Mobility to/from/within the project area—bikes, trains, walking

      • Other livability criteria—tree canopy coverage, permeable areas, parks

    3. Current plans and their impact on the project area

      • ARBOR study

      • What are the specific reaches and planned work within those reaches?

      • How does the ARBOR study support water supply, habitat, ecosystem restoration?

      • LA Watersheds, water quality/supply and the LA River

      • Which jurisdictions are responsible for management of the LA River: stormwater, open space, water quality, safety?

      • How do all of the existing plans complement each other—what’s the big picture goal for revitalization?

    Questions specifically for the project area:
    • What is proposed?

    • How do the proposed plans fit with a multi-benefit approach to river revitalization?

    Other questions students considered during research and analysis:
    • What type of habitat and how much connectivity does the river provide currently (Dramstad et al., 1996)?

    • How does the river fit into LA’s stormwater capture/water supply systems?

    • What does restoration of the LA River look like?

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    Table 2.

    Students’ Required Project Scenarios and Phasing

    Scenario One: No MaintenanceScenario Two: Limited Maintenance; Bottom-up StewardshipScenario Three: Full Management and Maintenance per the Designers’ Specifications
    Phase 1:1 yr.Scenario 1, Phase 1Scenario 2, Phase 1Scenario 3, Phase 1
    Phase 2: 5 yrs.Scenario 1, Phase 2Scenario 2, Phase 2Scenario 3, Phase 2
    Phase 3:15 yrs.Scenario 1, Phase 3Scenario 2, Phase 3Scenario 3, Phase 3
    Phase 4: 30 yrs.Scenario 1, Phase 4Scenario 2, Phase 4Scenario 3, Phase 4
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Landscape Journal: 42 (1)
Landscape Journal
Vol. 42, Issue 1
1 May 2023
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Teaching Design as an Infinite Game
Noah Billig, Tori Kjer
Landscape Journal May 2023, 42 (1) 91-107; DOI: 10.3368/lj.42.1.91

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Teaching Design as an Infinite Game
Noah Billig, Tori Kjer
Landscape Journal May 2023, 42 (1) 91-107; DOI: 10.3368/lj.42.1.91
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  • Article
    • Abstract
    • INTRODUCTION
    • THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
    • STUDIO WORK
    • DISCUSSION
    • CONCLUSION & POSSIBILITIES FOR FURTHER TEACHING, SCHOLARSHIP, AND PRACTICE
    • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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Keywords

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