Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
Conceptual modeling of stream flow at an ungauged river basin using SWAT.
- Figure 2
Study area showing watersheds, sub‐basins, and location of USGS gauges in the MS‐AL coastal region.
- Figure 3
Study region showing (clockwise from top left): Slope, Soil permeability, Wetlands and Impervious rate, and Natural drainage density.
- Figure 4
Illustrations of Edge Density output (top two images), Proximity Index output (middle two images), and Shannon Diversity Index output (bottom two images). Low values are on the left and high values are on right.
Tables
Landscape Level (one per sub-basin) TA Total Area (CA/TA) NP Number of Patches PD Patch Density LPI Largest Patch Index TE Total Edge ED Edge Density LSI Landscape Shape Index AREA_MN Patch Area Mean SHAPE_MN Shape Index Mean CONTIG_MN Contiguity Index Mean TCA Total Core Area CORE_MN Core Area Mean PROX_MN Proximity Index Mean ENN_MN Euclidean Nearest Neighbor Distance Mean CONTAG Contagion IJI Interspersion Juxtaposition Index CONNECT Connectance Index COHESION Patch Cohesion Index PR Patch Richness PRD Patch Richness Density SHDI Shannon’s Diversity Index SHEI Shannon’s Evenness Index AI Aggregation Index Class Level (one per land cover type) TYPE Land Cover Class Descriptor CA Total Class Area PLAND Percentage of Landscape NP Number of Patches PD Patch Density LPI Largest Patch Index TE Total Edge ED Edge Density LSI Landscape Shape Index AREA_MN Patch Area Mean SHAPE_MN Shape Index Mean CONTIG_MN Contiguity Index Mean TCA Total Core Area CPLAND Core Area Percent of Land CORE_MN Core Area Mean PROX_MN Proximity Index Mean ENN_MN Euclidean Nearest Neighbor Distance Mean IJI Interspersion Juxtaposition Index CONNECT Connectance Index COHESION Patch Cohesion Index AI Aggregation Index Variable Measurement Source and Tools Range Mean S.D. 1 Mean annual peak unit discharge Average maximum daily runoff (units in mm) at each USGS gauge station (2014–2016) by water year (natural log‐transformed) USGS gauge stations, SWAT modeling, ArcGIS 6.86–8.22 7.34 0.20 Average maximum daily runoff (units in mm) at each USGS gauge station (2014–2016), by water year (log‐transformed) USGS gauge stations, SWAT modeling, ArcGIS 2.98–3.57 3.20 0.08 2 Precipitation Mean annual precipitation (units in cm) PRISM data; SWAT modeling, based on climatologically aided interpolation (CAI) 125.92–171.19 147.17 10.10 3 Slope Average watershed slope (units in percentages) NHDPlus V2; NED; ArcGIS 0.09–7.35 3.41 1.10 4 Soil Permeability Average watershed soil permeability (units in inches per hour) NRCS; ArcGIS 0.76–12.48 2.59 1.07 5 Floodplain Area Area within the FEMA‐defined 100‐year floodplain (units in percentages) FEMA Flood Map Service Center; ArcGIS 0–100 25.90 28.70 6 Natural Drainage Density Ratio of total stream length to basin area NHD Flowline 0–5.17 1.36 1.34 7 Wetland Proportion of wetland (units in percentages) NLDC 2016 codes 90 & 95; ArcGIS 0.61–100 32.50 22.10 8 Impervious Rate Proportion of developed surfaces (units in percentages) NLCD 2016 codes 21, 22, 23,24; ArcGIS 0.00–95.90 4.81 9.35 Watershed Calibration Validation R2 NSE PBIAS R2 NSE PBIAS Foley 1 0.75 0.66 6.07 0.96 0.90 0.58 Foley 2 0.84 0.96 –2.09 0.87 0.92 0.18 Foley 3 0.77 1.00 –6.03 0.91 1.00 4.19 Mobile 1 0.86 0.87 –7.85 0.89 0.93 9.17 Mobile 2 0.73 0.85 7.13 0.91 0.96 –6.99 Mobile 3 0.91 0.99 1.52 0.94 0.99 1.49 MS 1 0.73 0.74 –9.02 0.75 0.81 –7.27 MS 2 0.63 0.77 –4.03 0.87 0.95 –5.73 Landscape Metrics Min. Value Max. Value Mean S. D. Wetlands Wet_PLAND 0.20 100.00 23.67 21.97 Wet_ED 0.00 215.54 38.79 22.83 Wet_SHAPE_MN 1.00 4.08 1.71 0.33 Wet_CONTIG_MN 0.00 0.98 0.37 0.13 Wet_PROX_MN 0.00 2863.21 167.99 223.41 Wet_ENN_MN 0.00 1171.54 102.21 65.01 Wet_CONNECT 0.00 100.00 41.87 26.37 Wet_COHESION 0.00 100.00 95.38 6.66 Vegetation Veg_PLAND 0.02 93.14 33.62 23.62 Veg_ED 0.23 153.23 50.10 25.34 Veg_SHAPE_MN 1.00 3.69 1.58 0.23 Veg_CONTIG_MN 0.00 0.92 0.39 0.12 Veg_PROX_MN 0.00 7507.60 324.43 540.69 Veg_ENN_MN 0.00 4213.91 101.59 178.61 Veg_CONNECT 0.00 100.00 38.93 24.21 Veg_COHESION 0.00 99.91 92.52 14.27 Barren Lands Brn_PLAND 0.00 12.42 0.50 1.25 Brn_ED 0.00 63.16 2.50 5.93 Brn_SHAPE_MN 1.00 2.73 1.20 0.24 Brn_CONTIG_MN 0.00 0.83 0.22 0.19 Brn_PROX_MN 0.00 52.01 0.99 3.26 Brn_ENN_MN 0.00 5400.17 443.67 709.80 Brn_CONNECT 0.00 100.00 33.42 36.80 Brn_COHESION 0.00 96.65 48.61 31.60 Development Dev_PLAND 0.01 40.81 4.62 5.32 Dev_ED 0.09 139.78 20.26 13.36 Dev_SHAPE_MN 1.00 5.52 1.95 0.51 Dev_CONTIG_MN 0.00 0.96 0.25 0.08 Dev_PROX_MN 0.00 3929.62 37.66 171.80 Dev_ENN_MN 0.00 5061.47 156.35 216.39 Dev_CONNECT 0.00 100.00 35.26 24.33 Dev_COHESION 0.00 99.69 86.33 12.72 Note: PLAND measures Percentage of Landscape, ED measures Edge Density, SHAPE measures Shape Index, CONTIG measures Congruity Index, PROX measures Proximity, Mean ENN measures Euclidean Nearest‐Neighbor Distance, CONNECT measures Connectedness, and COHESION measures Cohesion.
Wetlands Vegetation Barren Lands Development Dependent Variable: avg_nat_lo‐3YearRunoffAverageNaturalLog R Square 0.3791 0.3831 0.3779 0.3827 Coeff. P‐value Coeff. P‐value Coeff. P‐value Coeff. P‐value Intercept 6.1411 0.0000 6.1856 0.0000 6.1666 0.0000 6.1697 0.0000 av_soil_pe‐AvgSoilPermeability(in/hr) 0.0000 0.9952 –0.0002 0.9687 0.0001 0.9897 –0.0006 0.9082 av_slope_p‐AvgSlope(%) 0.0044 0.4365 0.0008 0.8875 0.0007 0.8914 0.0013 0.8112 perc_flood‐FloodRiskArea(%) 0.0004 0.2835 0.0005 0.1876 0.0002 0.5422 0.0005 0.1489 perc_wetla‐Wetland(%) 0.0004 0.5570 0.0007 0.1086 0.0009 0.0270 0.0009 0.0282 impervious‐impervious(%) 0.0006 0.3051 0.0007 0.3016 0.0009 0.1598 0.0002 0.8240 avg_precip‐AveragePrecipitation 0.0077 0.0000 0.0071 0.0000 0.0075 0.0000 0.0072 0.0000 dd_ratio‐DrainageDensityRatio 0.0271 0.0000 0.0271 0.0000 0.0279 0.0000 0.0270 0.0000 Wet_PLAND 0.0008 0.1009 Veg_PLAND –0.0011 0.0147 Brn_PLAND 0.0135 0.4372 Dev_PLAND 0.0002 0.9248 Wet_ED –0.0004 0.1620 Veg_ED 0.0004 0.1674 Brn_ED –0.0013 0.7240 Dev_ED –0.0005 0.4825 Wet_SHAPE_MN –0.0203 0.3144 Veg_SHAPE_MN 0.0334 0.2526 Brn_SHAPE_MN 0.0040 0.8005 Dev_SHAPE_MN 0.0159 0.2451 Wet_CONTIG_MN –0.0165 0.7666 Veg_CONTIG_MN –0.0824 0.1716 Brn_CONTIG_MN –0.0621 0.3690 Dev_CONTIG_MN 0.0370 0.6620 Wet_PROX_MN 0.0000 0.4412 Veg_PROX_MN 0.0000 0.1183 Brn_PROX_MN 0.0012 0.6429 Dev_PROX_MN 0.0001 0.0998 Wet_ENN_MN 0.0000 0.8682 Veg_ENN_MN 0.0000 0.7392 Brn_ENN_MN 0.0000 0.0862 Dev_ENN_MN 0.0000 0.1369 Wet_CONNECT –0.0003 0.1579 Veg_CONNECT –0.0004 0.1108 Brn_CONNECT –0.0002 0.4585 Dev_CONNECT –0.0004 0.0544 Wet_COHESION 0.0005 0.5926 Veg_COHESION 0.0005 0.2870 Brn_COHESION 0.0000 0.9961 Dev_COHESION 0.0003 0.5042
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