Nitrogen removal in a combined vertical and horizontal subsurface-flow constructed wetland system
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2021, Science of the Total EnvironmentCitation Excerpt :Hybrid flow CWs have been widely implemented by combining various types of CWs to overcome the drawbacks of horizontal flow and vertical flow CWs (Details have been provided in Section S2 of the supplementary material) (Martinez-Guerra et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2017; X. Zhang et al., 2017). Lin et al. (2002) and Tunçsiper (2009) achieved >90% TN removal efficiency using hybrid-CWs. Masi et al. (2002) employed single-stage (HF-CW) and hybrid systems (HF: FWS-CW) for winery wastewater treatment in Italy.
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